Monitoring medical procedures by estimated radiation exposure

ABSTRACT

Systems and methods monitoring progress of procedures by radiation exposure are provided. Position data is received for an equipment item used for the procedure and configured to produce radiation (“radiation device”). Position data is received from the tracking device during the procedure. An estimated exposure level is determined by a controller for the individual based, at least in part, on the position data from the tracking device relative to the position data from the radiation device and compared to a benchmark. If the estimated exposure level for the individual exceeds the benchmark, an electronic notification is generated.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of Ser. No. 17/314,568 filed May 7,2021, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. application Ser. No.17/157,385 filed Jan. 25, 2021 (the “'385 Application”), which is acontinuation-in-part of U.S. application Ser. No. 16/897,710 filed Jun.10, 2020, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application Ser.No. 62/859,935 filed Jun. 11, 2019; the '385 Application is also acontinuation-in-part of U.S. application Ser. No. 16/897,710 filed Jun.10, 2020, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application Ser.No. 62/859,935 filed Jun. 11, 2019; the disclosures of each of theforegoing are hereby incorporated by reference as if fully restatedherein.

TECHNICAL FIELD

Exemplary embodiments relate generally to systems and methods formonitoring medical procedures by estimated radiation exposure.

BACKGROUND AND SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Many modern surgical procedures require the use of equipment whichproduces radiation. For example, to reduce the invasiveness of surgery,small devices are often used in conjunction with imaging equipment. Amore specific example is vascular surgery, where small devices areinserted into a patient's vascular system and imaging equipment is usedto track device position and blood flow. As radiation is released fromsuch machines, it encounters the patient and other objects, such as theoperating table, and may scatter through some or all of the operatingroom. Being invisible to the human eye, radiation exposure zones aredifficult to track. Repeated or extended exposure to even minimalamounts of radiation can result in health risks to operating room staff.Radiation shielding and protective equipment, while helpful, do notaltogether eliminate such exposures.

It is known to provide radiation tracking devices to medical personnelin an operating room to assist with tracking radiation exposure. Theseradiation tracking devices may be checked periodically, such as once amonth, to determine approximate exposure levels over potentiallymultiple events of exposure in a given month. As a general rule, medicalpersonnel are encouraged to stay at least six feet away from radiationproducing equipment, when possible, to minimize exposure. However, it isdifficult for medical personnel to constantly and accurately determinetheir distance from the equipment, especially in the course of anoperation on a patient. Furthermore, radiation intensity varies based ona number of factors which change the radiation intensity for a givenlocation. Medical personnel are able to make changes to their bodypositioning to reduce exposure if made aware of the location of theinvisible and potentially harmful radiation. Therefore, what is neededis a system and method for visualizing scattered radiation in a medicalfacility.

Systems and methods for visualization of scattered radiation in amedical facility are disclosed. The medical facility may comprise anoperating room, for example, though the systems and methods may be usedwith other medical facilities such as but not limited to, trainingenvironments, simulators, laboratories (e.g., catheterization labs),radiology suites, imagining scanner rooms (e.g., CT scanners, MRIscanners), combinations thereof, or the like. The medical facility maycomprise one or more items of medical equipment configured to produceradiation for medical reasons such as, but not limited to, treatmentand/or diagnosis of diseases. Examples of such equipment which producesradiation includes, but is not necessarily limited to, imaging equipment(e.g., CT scanners, MRI machines, X-RAY machines, electron microscopes,fluoroscopy equipment, combinations thereof, or the like), radiationtherapy machines (e.g., external beam radiation machines, sealed sourceradiation therapy machines, unsealed source radiotherapy machines,photon therapy machines, oncology equipment, combinations thereof, orthe like), accelerators, or other equipment capable of producingradiation for medical treatment purposes, that in high enough levels ofrepeated exposure could be harmful to humans.

Alternatively, or additionally, the medical facility may compriseradioactive medical products and/or medical products which naturallyproduce radiation, or are configured to produce radiation for medicalreasons, such as but not limited to, the treatment and diagnosis ofdiseases. Examples of such products include, but are not limited to,various isotypes, radiopaque markers, fluoroscopy fluids, seeds,combinations thereof, or the like.

These items of equipment and/or products may be configured todeliberately produce what is considered to be safe or otherwisemedically acceptable levels of exposure to radiation for patients, fortheir medical care. Examples of such radiation include, but are notnecessarily limited to, gamma rays, x-rays, charged particles,combinations thereof, or the like. While generally safe or otherwisemedically acceptable levels of radiation exposure to patients having agiven medical procedure is one thing, repeated levels of radiationexposure to medical personnel who conduct multiple medical proceduresover multiple patients, is another. For example, medical sciencegenerally accepts a safe or medically acceptable level of radiationexposure for patients, but exposure to that same level and amount ofradiation by a medical professional over a long career may be of moreconcern.

Information may be provided regarding, for example without limitation, atype of radiation producing medical equipment device, patient height,and patient weight. The position of one or more items of equipment inthe medical facility may be determined from one or more positionsensors. The equipment may include radiation producing equipment.Alternatively, or additionally, the equipment may include medicalequipment which scatters radiation, deliberately or unintentionally,when placed in the path of the same. Examples of such equipment whichscatters radiation include an operating table, trays, cabinetry, medicaldevices, combinations thereof, or the like. The operating table is acommon source of radiation scatter as it is often placed directly in thepath of a radiation beam and comprises one or more metals which scatterencountered radiation.

A visualization of the radiation scatter may be generated by acontroller and provided at one or more visualization devices. Thevisualization devices may include augmented reality (“AR”) trackingdevices, electronic displays, and/or projection devices.

The visualization may be configured to appear fixed relative to thevarious visualization devices such that as medical personnel move aboutthe medical facility and/or change their gaze, the visualization isupdated at their visualization device to appear to be in the samelocation. The location may comprise, for example without limitation,adjacent to or at radiation producing equipment, equipment whichscatters radiation, the patient, the operating table, combinationsthereof, or the like. As the position of the operating table, thepatient, equipment which produces radiation, equipment which scattersradiation, and/or other equipment and/or medical personnel in themedical facility is changed, the visualization may be updated.

Each medical personnel in the medical facility may be outfitted with aposition tracking device. Alternatively, or additionally, various piecesof equipment in the medical facility, such as but not limited to, theoperating table, radiation producing equipment, storage equipment,trays, radiation producing products, medical devices, equipment whichscatters radiation, and the like may be outfitted with position trackingdevices. In this way, the position of such people and/or items may betracked for updating the visualization. Multiple position devices may beutilized for a given person or piece of equipment. Updates to thevisualization may be made in substantially real time.

The visualization may comprise a multi-layered cloud or sphere, thoughother forms such as, but not limited to, lines, shapes, text, color, orthe like may be utilized in the alternative or in addition. Variousareas of the visualization may be color coded, shape coded, marked withtext, provided in certain densities or intensities, some combinationthereof, or the like to indicate the danger level associated withexpected radiation intensity for that area. In another exemplaryembodiment, a single light may be increased in intensity or illuminanceto indicate relatively higher relative radiation. Alternatively, oradditionally, sounds may be emitted in varying tone, frequencies,amplitudes, some combination thereof, or the like as the personnelapproach radiation producing equipment. Regardless, the visualizationand/or audio feedback may provide medical personnel in the medicalfacility with real time, qualitative type feedback regarding theirexpected level of danger. Medical personnel may use this feedback tolimit their exposure level.

The visualization may be provided at a transparency level sufficient topermit the personnel to see the patient and equipment in the room whilealso viewing the visualization. By way of non-limiting example,transparency levels of 20% or under may be utilized.

In exemplary embodiments, at least some of the visualization devices maycomprise radiation exposure tracking devices. Exposure data from suchdevices may be used to improve the accuracy of the visualization and/ortrack personnel exposure levels. Alternatively, or additionally,relative exposure may be tracked by position of the personnel while theradiation producing equipment is active. Regardless, exposures data maybe recorded to calculate various exposure levels over time, predictedexposure levels, average exposure levels, some combination thereof orthe like. Such data may be generated into one or more reports and/orprovided as alerts, such as when a person approaches a periodic goal orthreshold.

In other exemplary embodiments, the medical facility may comprise one ormore training facilities and/or simulators. In such cases, some or allof the medical equipment in the medical facility, such as but notlimited to the radiation producing equipment, radioactive products,equipment which scatters radiation, and/or other medical equipment maybe simulated or real. The radiation emitted by such equipment and/orproducts and/or scattered by other such equipment may be simulated andthe visualization may be provided to simulate such radiation. This maybe used to raise awareness of radiation exposure, train personnel,evaluate the impact of procedures on radiation exposure, test newprocedures, combinations thereof, or the like.

It will be appreciated by those of skill in the art that the systemsand/or methods shown and/or described herein may be used in conjunctionwith any type of healthcare setting, with any type of equipment and/orto visualize any type of radiation. The types of radiation may be thosedefined by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration, NuclearRegulatory Commission, Centers for Disease Control, the Food and DrugAdministration, or other governmental or regulatory body, standardssetting organization, combinations thereof, or the like, that in highenough levels and/or amounts of exposure is deemed to be harmful tohumans. For example, without limitation, such radiation may include thetypes or kinds of radiation that in high enough levels of exposure isknown to increase the incidence of cancer in humans following suchexposure.

Judging complexity and progress of a medical procedure (hereinafter alsoa “case”) is a difficult and uncertain endeavor. This is particularlyunfortunate considering that case complexity and progress are importantmeasures of patient outcome as well as operator and other personnelperformance. Therefore, what is needed are systems and methods formonitoring case complexity and progress.

System and methods for monitoring progress and complexity of a medicalprocedure, such as by tracking estimated radiation exposure areprovided. Radiation exposure may serve as an effective surrogate forcase progress and complexity. More complex cases tend to requireadditional imaging, operating time, and/or physical proximity toradiation producing and/or scattering equipment (which is typicallyphysically proximate to the patient) for the operator or other personnelrelative to less complex cases. Thus, more complex cases, or evenportions of cases, may tend to result in increased radiation exposurerelative to other, less complex cases, or portions of cases.Alternatively, or additionally, as a case progresses, radiation exposuremay increase. For example, without limitation, multiple imaginingsessions may be performed during the course of a procedure and/or theoperator or other personnel may spend more time physically proximate toradiation producing or scattering devices as a case proceeds. Thus,radiation exposure may increase as a case is performed.

Radiation exposure levels during a case may be estimated using thetracking devices, with or without the scattered radiation visualization.Where tracking devices worn by various personnel for a procedure reporta location within a radiation scatter area while radiation production isunderway, the controller may record an estimated radiation exposureamount for the individual(s). Alternatively, or additionally, theradiation exposure measurement devices may be utilized.

Estimated radiation exposure may be tracked, such as by multipleindividuals over multiple procedures at multiple medical facilities, todevelop a database of estimated radiation exposure for various medicalprocedures. Such radiation exposure may be associated with personnelinformation regarding the individual wearing or otherwise associatedwith the tracking device and/or with patient information. For example,information about personnel may include demographic information,education, training, and/or certification information, associatedmedical facilities, combinations thereof, and the like. Such estimatedradiation exposures may, alternatively or additionally, be associatedwith information about the procedure performed, such as but not limitedto, medical codes, date and time information, devices used, combinationsthereof, or the like. This information may be analyzed to developaverages, medians, ranges or other benchmarks. The benchmarks may bespecific to the type or kind of procedure performed (e.g., by CPT or IDCcode), the personnel or certain personnel information (e.g., experience,training, education, etc.), a medical facility or geographic area,patient demographics (e.g., age, co-morbidities, risk factors, etc.),combinations thereof, or the like.

After further cases are performed, or while such further cases areunderway, radiation exposure levels (estimated and/or actual) may betracked and compared to such benchmarks to identify the need forintervention. For example, where a tracked radiation exposure level isfound to exceed a benchmark by more than a predetermined amount, anintervention may be triggered. Such benchmarks may be developedautomatically, on demand, combinations thereof, or the like. Machinelearning, artificial intelligence, and/or statistical analysistechniques (e.g., averages, weighted averages, median, mode, standarddeviations, etc.) may be utilized to develop such benchmarks.

Interventions may include, for example without limitation, identifyingcandidates for additional training and/or education, providing suchtraining and/or education, providing access to medical literature and/ortraining materials, videoconferencing or teleconferencing access toother medical personnel (e.g., a more experienced operator) or otherrelevant parties (e.g., technical support staff), access to a chatbot orartificial intelligence entity, auditory or visual feedback,notifications information, information regarding new devices ortechniques available to improve efficiency and/or reduce exposure,combinations thereof, or the like. Such interventions may be provided insubstantially real-time, such as during the procedure, or after, such asbut not limited to, in a post-operative review, during quarterly,annual, etc. review, combinations thereof or the like. Particularlywhere the interventions are provided while a procedure is underway, suchinterventions may be provided by way of the AR tracking devices in anaugmented reality fashion. Interventions may be provided directly to thepersonnel or to other associated parties such as hospital or othermedical practice administrators, medical device companies, insuranceproviders, combinations thereof, or the like, to name a few exampleswithout limitation.

While some discussion is made herein with regards to medicalapplications, those of skill in the art will recognize that applicationsin other radiation environments may be realized. For example, withoutlimitation, such radiation producing environments may include securityscreening areas which utilize radiation producing equipment, nuclearpower facilities, nuclear production facilities, combinations thereof,or the like.

Further features and advantages of the systems and methods disclosedherein, as well as the structure and operation of various aspects of thepresent disclosure, are described in detail below with reference to theaccompanying figures.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The patent or application file contains at least one drawing executed incolor. Copies of this patent or patent application with color drawing(s)will be provided by the Office upon request and payment of the necessaryfee. In addition to the features mentioned above, other aspects of thepresent invention will be readily apparent from the followingdescriptions of the drawings and exemplary embodiments, wherein likereference numerals across the several views refer to identical orequivalent features, and wherein:

FIG. 1 is a plan view of an exemplary conventional, two-dimensionalradiation scatter intensity diagram;

FIG. 2 is a perspective view of an exemplary conventional,three-dimensional radiation scatter intensity diagram;

FIG. 3 is a front view an exemplary conventional radiation exposuretracking device;

FIG. 4 is a front view of an exemplary tracking device in accordancewith the present invention;

FIG. 5 is a perspective view of an exemplary conventional augmentedreality device;

FIG. 6 is a perspective view of an exemplary augmented reality trackingdevice in accordance with the present invention;

FIG. 7 is a perspective view of a medical facility with an exemplaryradiation scatter visualization using an exemplary augmented realitysystem in accordance with the present invention;

FIG. 8 is a perspective view of the medical facility of FIG. 7 withanother exemplary radiation scatter visualization;

FIG. 9 is a perspective view of another exemplary medical facility withanother exemplary radiation scatter visualization for the augmentedreality system of FIG. 7;

FIG. 10 is a perspective view of another exemplary medical facility withanother exemplary radiation scatter visualization for the augmentedreality system of FIG. 7;

FIG. 11 is a perspective view of the medical facility and visualizationof FIG. 7 with an exemplary projection system in accordance with thepresent invention;

FIG. 12 is a perspective view of the medical facility and visualizationof FIG. 7 with an exemplary electronic display system in accordance withthe present invention;

FIG. 13 is a simplified system diagram of an exemplary combinedvisualization system in accordance with the present invention;

FIG. 14 is a flow chart with exemplary logic for operating the variousvisualization systems in accordance with the present invention;

FIG. 15A is an exemplary exposure report in accordance with the presentinvention;

FIG. 15B is another exemplary exposure report;

FIG. 16 is an exemplary predicted exposure report in accordance with thepresent invention;

FIG. 17 is a plan view of an exemplary system for monitoring caseprogress by estimated radiation exposure for use with the systems andmethods of FIGS. 1-16 in accordance with the present invention;

FIG. 18 is a plan view of an exemplary profile generated by the systemof FIG. 17; and

FIG. 19 is a flow chart with exemplary logic for operating the system ofFIG. 17.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EXEMPLARY EMBODIMENT(S)

Various embodiments of the present invention will now be described indetail with reference to the accompanying drawings. In the followingdescription, specific details such as detailed configuration andcomponents are merely provided to assist the overall understanding ofthese embodiments of the present invention. Therefore, it should beapparent to those skilled in the art that various changes andmodifications of the embodiments described herein can be made withoutdeparting from the scope and spirit of the present invention. Inaddition, descriptions of well-known functions and constructions areomitted for clarity and conciseness.

Embodiments of the invention are described herein with reference toillustrations of idealized embodiments (and intermediate structures) ofthe invention. As such, variations from the shapes of the illustrationsas a result, for example, of manufacturing techniques and/or tolerances,are to be expected. Thus, embodiments of the invention should not beconstrued as limited to the particular shapes of regions illustratedherein but are to include deviations in shapes that result, for example,from manufacturing.

FIG. 1 illustrates an exemplary, conventional two-dimensional radiationscatter intensity diagram 10. FIG. 2 illustrates an exemplary,conventional three-dimensional radiation intensity diagram 20. Suchdiagrams 10, 20 may be provided by manufacturers of radiation producingmedical equipment 100 or other sources. The equipment 100 may comprise,without limitation, one or more imaging devices. The diagrams 10, 20 maybe specific to the type, brand, make, model, some combination thereof,or the like of the equipment 100. Multiple diagrams may be provided forvarious orientations, settings, some combination thereof, or the like ofthe equipment 100. The diagrams 10, 20 may be color coded to reflect theradiation intensity of a given area.

FIG. 3 illustrates an exemplary, conventional radiation tracking device30. Typically, such devices 30 are provided as badges which may compriseidentifying information such as photos, names, some combination thereof,or the like. The device 30 may comprise a radiation exposure measurementdevice 32. The radiation exposure measurement device 32 may comprise,for example without limitation, a dosimeter, Geiger counter, alpharadiation survey meter, dose rate meter, some combination thereof, orthe like. Such devices 30 may be worn by personnel, such as when in amedical facility. The devices 30 may be periodically checked, such asonce a month, to determine radiation exposure.

FIG. 4 illustrates an exemplary tracking device 36. The tracking device36 may comprise one or more of the radiation exposure measurementdevices 32, though such is not required. The tracking device 36 maycomprise one or more position tracking devices 57 configured to trackthe location and/or orientation of the tracking device 36. The positiontracking devices 57 may comprise a GPS device, wi-fi device, near fieldcommunication device, accelerometer, gyroscope, angle sensor,magnetometer, some combination thereof, or the like. In this way, thelocation and/or radiation exposure of the personnel wearing the trackingdevice 36 may be monitored. The tracking device 36 may comprise anetwork connectivity device 38 configured to place the tracking device36 in communication with one or more remote devices, such as but notlimited to, a controller 56. Data regarding location and/or radiationexposure may be transmitted to the controller 56 by way of the networkconnectivity device 38. The location and/or radiation exposure may bemonitored and/or transmitted continuously or periodically.

In other exemplary embodiments, the tracking devices 36 may comprise theposition tracking device 57 and/or the network connectivity device 38,but not the radiation exposure measurement device 32.

A number of tracking devices 36 and/or radiation tracking devices 30 maybe utilized on each person in the medical facility in accordance withthe present invention. In exemplary embodiments, without limitation,each person in the medical facility may be outfitted with trackingdevices 36 and/or radiation tracking devices 30 on different parts oftheir body. For example, without limitation, such devices 36, 30 may bepositioned at the person's head, neck, torso, wrists, ankles, arms,legs, some combination thereof or the like to measure the positionand/or radiation exposure of these individual parts of the person'sbody. Often, a particular area of the person may be exposed to adifferent level of relative radiation for a different period of timethan other areas of the person's body. For example, without limitation,a surgeon's hands and/or eyes may be exposed to higher levels ofrelative radiation for longer periods of time as the surgeon may beunable to move his or her hands when performing a procedure. By usingmultiple tracking devices 32, distance from the equipment 100, relativeexposure levels, and other data specific to certain parts of the bodymay be determined and/or tracked.

Distance, relative exposure levels, and other data may be tracked and/orreported in real time or may be stored for post-operative review. Forexample, without limitation, distance from the equipment 100, location,relative exposure levels, and other data may be monitored and/orreported in real time, post-operative, every few seconds, somecombination thereof, or the like. By way of a non-limiting example, asused herein the term real time or substantially real time may accountfor transmission times, temporary storage times, data processing times,lag times, some combination thereof, or the like.

FIG. 5 illustrates an exemplary, conventional augmented reality (“AR”)device 40. The AR device 40 may comprise one or more body attachmentportions 42. The body attachment portions 42 may comprise head bands,frames, contact lenses, some combination thereof, or the like. The ARdevice 40 may comprise one or more display portions 44. The displayportion 44 may comprise a transparent or translucent material. Thedisplay portions 44 may be configured to display one or more images. Thedisplay portions 44 may comprise one or more screens, shields, glasses,display surfaces, contact lenses, glasses lenses, some combinationthereof, or the like. Examples of such AR devices 40 include, but arenot limited to, Glass® from Google®(https://www.google.com/glass/start/), HoloLens® from Microsoft®(https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/hololens). The display portion 44 maybe configured to display images in a way which permits the user to seethe real world beyond the display portion 44 such that the images areoverlaid onto the real world.

FIG. 6 illustrates an exemplary AR tracking device 46. The AR trackingdevice 46 may comprise the radiation exposure measurement device 32. TheAR tracking device 46 may, alternatively or additionally, comprise oneor more position tracking device 57 configured to track the locationand/or orientation of the AR tracking device 46. In exemplaryembodiments, the position tracking device 57 may be configured to trackthe orientation of the user's head, and therefore their gaze. In thisway, the AR tracking device 46 may be configured to track the locationand/or radiation exposure of personnel wearing the AR tracking device 46while providing visual images to said person.

The AR tracking device 46 may comprise the network connectivity device38. The location and/or radiation exposure may be monitored and/ortransmitted continuously or periodically to remote devices, such as butnot limited to, the controller 56.

FIG. 7 through FIG. 10 illustrates exemplary medical facility 52 withexemplary augmented reality system 48. The medical facility 52 maycomprise an operating room, for example, though the augmented realitysystem 48 may be utilized in association with other types of medicalfacilities 52 may be utilized such as but not limited to, trainingenvironments, simulators, laboratories (e.g., catheterization labs),radiology suites, imagining scanner rooms (e.g., CT scanners, MRIscanners), combinations thereof, or the like.

The medical facility 52 may comprise one or more items of medicalequipment 100 configured to produce radiation for medical purposes, suchas but not limited to, the treatment and/or diagnosis of disease. Suchradiation producing medical equipment 100 may comprise, for examplewithout limitation, imagining equipment (e.g., CT scanners, MRImachines, X-RAY machines, electron microscopes, fluoroscopy equipment,combinations thereof, or the like), radiation machines (e.g., externalbeam radiation machines, sealed source radiation therapy machines,unsealed source radiotherapy machines, photon therapy machines, oncologyequipment, combinations thereof, or the like), accelerators, or otherequipment capable of producing radiation for medical care purposes, suchas but not limited to, gamma rays, x-rays, charged particles,combinations thereof, or the like. Alternatively, or additionally, themedical facility 52 may comprise one or more radioactive medicalproducts and/or products capable of producing radiation for medicalpurposes, such as but not limited to, the treatment and/or diagnosis ofdisease. Such products may include, for example without limitation,various isotypes, radiopaque markers, fluoroscopy fluids, seeds,combinations thereof, or the like which produce radiation.

The medical facility 52 may comprise, alternatively or additionally,medical equipment which scatters radiation 54, deliberately orunintentionally, when placed in the path of such radiation. Examples ofsuch equipment which scatters radiation 54 includes, but is not limitedto, operating tables, trays, cabinetry, medical devices, metallicsurfaces, shielding, combinations thereof, or the like. The operatingtable is a common source of radiation scatter as it is often placeddirectly in the path of a radiation beam and comprises one or more densemetals which may scatter encountered radiation.

Medical personnel in the medical facility 52 may be outfitted with theAR tracking device 46. The AR tracking device 46 may be configured todisplay a radiation scatter visualization 50 at the display portions 44of the AR tracking devices 46 worn by each person. FIGS. 7 through 10illustrate exemplary embodiments of the visualization 50 as it mayappear to an individual wearing the AR tracking device 46. However, thevisualization 50 may be displayed in the context of the user's positionand/or gaze. Stated another way, FIGS. 7 through 10 illustrate what auser observes when wearing the AR tracking device 46 from a perspectiveview of the medical facility 52. The user may see the surgeon in themiddle of the visualization 50 and others off to the sides of thevisualization 50. The surgeon in the middle may see the visualization 50all about them while looking at a patient on the operating table and/orseeing other equipment, such as but not limited to the equipment whichscatters radiation 54, in the medical facility 52.

The visualization 50 may be generated and updated, at least in part, bya controller 56. The controller 56 may be configured to utilize one ormore reference or registration points to virtually affix thevisualization 50 relative to the personnel in the room such that thevisualization 50 appears fixed as persons wearing the AR trackingdevices 46 move about the room. The visualization 50, for examplewithout limitation, may be virtually affixed relative to the radiationproducing equipment 100, the radiation scattering equipment 54, otherequipment, other part of the medical facility 52, the patient, somecombination thereof, or the like.

In exemplary embodiments, without limitation, the controller 56 may beconfigured to process data stored in memory of a two orthree-dimensional radiation intensity diagram 10,20, underlying dataregarding the same, or the like, for the particular equipment 100 beingused in the room, along with other inputted or detected data such as thepatient's body data, radiation scattering equipment 54 position data,equipment 100 position data, and/or type of other equipment, facilityparameters, etc., as further explained below. The controller 56 may belocated in the medical facility 52 or remote therefrom. The controller56 may be in wired and/or wireless electronic communication with each ARtracking device 46, device 30, and/or tracking device 36 in the medicalfacility 52. The visualization 50 may be updated at the various ARtracking devices 46 by the controller 56 periodically or continuously.The visualization 50 may be updated in substantially real time, such asbut not limited to, as data is received and processed accounting fornormal delays due to transmission time, processing time, and the like.

The visualization 50 may comprise one or more shapes, text, lines, somecombination thereof, or the like of the same or various types torepresent the intensity of the radiation. In exemplary embodiments, thevisualization 50 may comprise a multi-layered cloud or sphere, thoughany form of the visualization may be utilized. For example, withoutlimitation, the visualization 50 may comprise a first color representinga high level of relative radiation intensity, a second colorrepresenting a medium level of relative radiation intensity, and a thirdcolor representing a low level of relative radiation intensity. Thefirst color, for example without limitation, may comprise a shade ofred, the second color a shade of orange, and the third color a shade ofyellow. As another example, without limitation the first color maycomprise a shade of red, the second color a shade of yellow, and thethird color a shade of green. Any color, or combination of colors may beutilized.

As another example, the visualization 50 may comprise a multi-layeredcloud or sphere where certain shapes are displayed at a first density torepresent a low level of relative radiation intensity, a second densityto represent a medium level of relative radiation intensity, and a thirddensity to represent a high level of relative radiation intensity.

Any number of layers, colors, shapes, lines, text, some combinationthereof, or the like may be utilized. Each change in layer, color,shape, line, text, some combination thereof, or the like may correspondwith a change in level of relative radiation intensity. Thevisualization 50 may be displayed at a transparency sufficient toprovide visibility of the patient and/or equipment through thevisualization 50 yet of adequate opaqueness to call the visualization 50to the user's attention. An exemplary transparency is at or below 20%,though any percentage may be utilized.

The various layers of the visualization 50 may be visible simultaneouslysuch that the user can see each layer of the visualization 50.Alternatively, each layer of the visualization 50 may be visible only asthe user approaches and/or enters the layer of the visualization 50.

As yet another example, without limitation, the visualization 50 maycomprise one or more lights of monochromatic or multiple colors whichbecomes brighter or otherwise more intense as a user approaches themachine 100 or other area of higher relative radiation intensity. Theone or more lights may be of monochromatic or multiple colors whichbecomes dimmer or otherwise less intense as a user steps away from themachine 100 or moves into areas of lower relative radiation intensity.

Alternatively, or additionally, one or more speakers 59 may be provided.The speakers 59 may be in electronic communication with the controller56. The controller 56 may be configured to cause the speakers 59 to emitan audible tone(s) or message(s) regarding relative radiation intensity.For example, without limitation, the tones emitted may increase orotherwise differ in tone, frequency, pitch, amplitude, some combinationthereof, or the like as the user approaches areas of relatively higherradiation intensity and decrease as the user approaches areas ofrelatively lower radiation intensity. Audible messages regarding therelative radiation intensity, or the like may be emitted.

Each AR tracking device 46 may be configured to provide a visualization50 of the scattered radiation specific to the location and/or directionof gaze of the person wearing the AR tracking device 46. Personnel maymove about the medical facility 52 and/or redirect their gaze and beprovided with a substantially real-time update of the visualization 50while still able to view the patient, the radiation producing equipment100, the radiation scattering equipment 54, other equipment, andotherwise perform their duties. In this way, personnel may be appraisedof at least the approximate level of relative radiation intensity in agiven area in the room. Personnel may use the visualization 50 as aguide for adjusting their position within the medical facility 52, wherepossible, to minimize their exposure. For example, without limitation, asurgeon may lean backwards when activating the equipment 100 to minimizeexposure. As another example, without limitation, an anesthesiologistwho may not need to be physically close to the patient to perform his orher duties may position themselves outside of the visualization 50 tominimize his or her exposure. As yet another example, withoutlimitation, a nurse may pull his or her hands away from the patient whenthe equipment 100 is active to move their hands from a relatively highto a relatively low area of relative radiation intensity.

The controller 56 may be configured to accept user input such as, butnot limited to, at a touch screen interface, mouse, keyboard, voicerecognition interface, some combination thereof, or the like. User inputmay include specification information for the machine 100, height of thepatient, weight of the patient, radiation scatter, radiation intensity,radiation type, machine 100 settings, user preferences, some combinationthereof, or the like. The controller 56 may comprise, or may receive,data regarding radiation intensity such as, but not limited to, datacomprising or derived from the diagrams 10, 20 and/or other informationprovided from the manufacturer of the radiation producing medicalequipment 100, radiation exposure measurement device 32, other sources,some combination thereof, or the like. The controller 56 may extract atleast some of this information from the equipment 100. Alternatively, oradditionally, at least some of this information may be provided by userinput and/or via one or more memory ports, wired or wireless networkcommunication, some combination thereof, or the like. The controller 56may be configured to adjust the visualization 50 based on the input.Where no input is provided and/or found, default settings may be used.The default setting may be based on averages, conservative measures,margins of safety, industry standards, some combination thereof, or thelike.

The controller 56 may be configured to adjust the visualization 50 basedon the position of the equipment 100. For example, without limitation,the equipment 100 may be raised, lowered, rotated, moved, swiveled, somecombination thereof, or the like to perform various procedures. Theequipment 100 may comprise one or more position tracking devices 57configured to track the location and/or orientation of the equipment100. The position tracking devices 57 may be in electronic communicationwith the controller 56. The controller 56 may be configured to adjustthe visualization 50 based on the position of the radiation producingmedical equipment 100. For example, FIG. 9 and FIG. 10 illustrates themachine 100 in a side orientation with the resulting visualization 50skewed to the opposing side.

In exemplary embodiments, the equipment which scatters radiation 54 maycomprise one or more position tracking devices 57 configured to trackthe location and/or orientation of the equipment which scattersradiation 54. The position tracking devices 57 may be in electroniccommunication with the controller 56. The controller 56 may beconfigured to adjust the visualization 50 based on the position of theequipment which scatters radiation 54. The same or similar equipment andtechniques may be used for other items in the facility 52.

As another example, the radiation producing equipment 100 and/or theradiation scattering equipment 54 may be moved about the medicalfacility 52 to perform various tasks. The position of the visualization50 may be moved with the radiation producing equipment 100 and/or theradiation scattering equipment 54.

In exemplary embodiments, the controller 56 may be configured to receiveradiation exposure data from the radiation exposure measurement devices32. The radiation exposure measurement devices 32 may be provided at theradiation tracking devices 30, the tracking devices 36, the AR trackingdevices 46, some combination thereof, or the like. In exemplaryembodiments, data from the radiation exposure measurement devices 32 maybe used to validate and/or improve the visualization 50. Thevisualization 50 may provide qualitative type feedback while theradiation exposure measurement devices 32 may provide quantitative typefeedback. Alternatively, or additionally, the radiation exposure datamay be used to track personnel exposure levels. Radiation exposure datacollected may be specific to certain parts of the body, in exemplaryembodiments, and may be recoded as such.

In other exemplary embodiments, the medical facility 52 may comprise oneor more training facilities and/or simulators. In such cases, thevarious equipment, such as but not limited to the radiation producingequipment 100, radioactive products, equipment which scatters radiation54, other equipment, combinations thereof, or the like may be simulatedor real. Other medical personnel and/or the patient may also, oralternatively, be simulated. The radiation emitted by the equipment 100and scattered within the medical facility may be simulated and thevisualization 50 may be provided to simulate such emitted and/orscattered radiation. This may be used to raise awareness of radiationexposure, train medical personnel, evaluate the impact of procedures onradiation exposure, test new procedures, combinations thereof, or thelike.

FIG. 11 illustrates an exemplary projection system 60 for providing thevisualization 50. One or more projection devices 62 may be provided inthe medical facility 52. The projection devices 62 may be in electroniccommunication with the controller 56. The projection devices 62 may beconfigured to project the visualization 50 within the medical facility52. The projection devices 60 may be configured to provide athree-dimensional or two-dimensional image which is viewable with orwithout other visual aid. For example, without limitation, theprojection system 60 may utilize laser plasma technology, Pepper's Ghosteffect, fan holograms, light field displays, lasers and mirrors,no-logram technology, hologram technology, 3D volumetric technology,projection mapping technology, some combination thereof, or the like.The resulting visualization 50 may be provided in three-dimensions, orprovided in two-dimensions with effects to make it appearthree-dimensional to the viewer. The visualizations 50 of the radiationscatter in the room may be shown very accurately in one embodiment ofthe system of the present invention, or may be shown as informedapproximations in another embodiment of the present invention, dependentupon how much data the user inputs into the system about the room,radiation scattering equipment 54, patient, radiation producingequipment 100, other equipment, other room parameters, and other factorsaffecting the scatter.

FIG. 12 illustrates an exemplary electronic display system 70 forproviding the visualization 50. One or more such electronic displays 72may be located at the medical facility 52, though such is not required.Each electronic display 72 may be in electronic communication with thecontroller 56. The controller 56 may be configured to generate thevisualization 50 at each electronic display 72. The controller 56 may befurther configured to generate a representation of the medical personnel74 in the medical facility 52 at the electronic display 72. In this way,the medical personnel may reference their representation 74 on theelectronic display 72 relative to the visualization 50 to get anestimation of the radiation intensity where they are located. Therepresentations 74 may comprise names, images, or other identifyinginformation for the person.

The location of the personnel may be provided by way of positiontracking devices 57 provided to each person. The position trackingdevices 57 may be provided with the tracking devices 36, the AR trackingdevices 46, as a standalone device, some combination thereof, or thelike. The relative radiation intensity exposure, as determined by thepersonnel's distance from the equipment 100 for example, may be trackedbased on position readings from the position tracking devices 57.

FIG. 13 illustrates an exemplary combined system 80. The combined system80 may utilize one or more of the tracking devices 36, the AR trackingdevices 46, the electronic display 72, position tracking device 57, andthe projection devices 62, in any combination and number. In this way,the combined system 50 may be provided at the AR tracking devices 46,the electronic display 72, and/or projected within the medical facility52.

FIG. 14 illustrates a flow chart with exemplary logic for providing thevisualization 50. User input regarding the patient height, the patientweight, and the type of machines 100 may be provided to the controller56. The position of the radiation scattering medical equipment 54 may bedetermined. The position of the radiation producing medical equipment100 may be determined. The position of the radiation producing equipment100 and/or the radiation scattering equipment 54 may be determined byway of the respective position devices 57. The same, or different, suchpositioning devices 57 may be used on any number of items of equipmentin the medical facility 52, such as but not limited to, the radiationproducing medical equipment 100, the radiation scattering medicalequipment 54, or other medical equipment. Examples of such equipmentwhich may scatter radiation include, for example without limitation,operating tables, trays, medical devices, storage cabinets, shielding,metal surfaces, or the like. The controller 56 may be configured toadjust the visualization 50 to reflect the position and/or type ofradiation producing medical equipment 100, radiations scatteringequipment 54, or the like in the medical facility 52. Radiationalabsorbing equipment may also be similarly tracked, visualized, and/orfactored in. Alternatively, or additionally, certain such equipment maybe displayed or indicated to provide points of reference, realistictraining scenarios, combinations thereof, or the like.

The position of the medical personnel may be determined. The position ofthe medical personnel may be determined by way of position trackingdevices 57, the tracking devices 36, and/or the AR tracking devices 46.The visualization 50 may be generated. The visualization 50 may beprovided at each of the AR tracking devices 46, the electronic displays72, and/or the projection devices 62 within the medical facility 52. Thevisualization 50 may be updated as the position of the radiationproducing equipment 100, the radiation scattering equipment 54, otherequipment, and/or personnel changes. For example, equipment 54 whichscatters, reflects, or otherwise alters the normal pathway of radiationmay be desirable for tracking and factoring into the visualization 50,alternatively to or in addition to, equipment which produces radiation100.

In exemplary embodiments, the controller 56 may be programmed withcertain parameters of the medical facility 52, such as but not limitedto, the size and/or shape of the physical space, including but notlimited to, floor to ceiling height, wall locations, floor, ceiling,and/or wall materials, and the like as such parameters may affectradiation scatter. Such parameters may be used to adjust thevisualization 50.

In exemplary embodiments, the visualization 50 may be provided only whenthe equipment 100 is active. Active may include, for example withoutlimitation, one or more of being powered on, prepared for operation,emitting radiation, cooling down, some combination thereof, or the like.The visualization 50 may be provided for a margin of time before and/orafter the equipment 100 is active. In other exemplary embodiments, thevisualization 50 may be provided at all times. When the equipment 100 isactive, or within the margin of time before and/or after being active,the visualization 50 may be changed. For example, without limitation,the visualization 50 may comprise a visible warning message, flashing,change of color, change of transparency, audible message, somecombination thereof, or the like when the equipment 100 is active, orwithin the margin of time before and/or after being active. FIG. 15A andFIG. 15B illustrate exemplary exposure reports 200. Each exposure report200 may comprise estimated relative exposure information for one or morepersons. The exposure reports 200 may be generated, in whole or part, bythe controller 56 in response to gathered data such as, but not limitedto, exposure data and/or position data. Alternatively, or additionally,the exposure reports 200 may be generated, in whole or part, by datagathered directly from the various devices such as but not limited to,the AR tracking devices 46, the tracking devices 36, radiation exposuretracking devices 32, position tracking devices 57, some combinationthereof, or the like. Alternatively, or additionally, the data from thecontroller 56 and/or the various devices may be transmitted to one ormore remote databases for storage.

The exposure reports 200 may comprise identifying information for eachindividual such as but not limited to names, titles, photos, somecombination thereof, or the like. The exposure reports 200 may comprisetotal estimated relative exposures information as well as estimatedrelative exposure information specific to certain parts of the body,such as but not limited to, head, arm, legs, torso, hands, feet, eyes,some combination thereof, or the like. Each category of estimatedrelative exposure (total and/or body part specific) may be broken downby areas of high, medium, and low relative radiation intensity exposure.Each category of exposure may be expressed as a time measurement, apercentage of total exposure time, some combination thereof, or thelike.

The exposure reports 200 may comprise a percentage or other indicationof progress towards a threshold, goal, or the like for a time period,such as the year, month, quarter, or the like.

FIG. 16 illustrates an exemplary predicted exposure report 300. Eachpredicted exposure report 300 may comprise estimated and/or predictedrelative exposure information for one or more persons. The predictedexposure reports 300 may be generated by the controller 56 in responseto gathered data such as, but not limited to, exposure data and/orposition data. Alternatively, or additionally, the predicted exposurereports 300 may be generated, in whole or part, by data gathereddirected from the various devices such as but not limited to, the ARtracking devices 46, the tracking devices 36, radiation exposuretracking devices 32, the position tracking devices 57, some combinationthereof, or the like.

The predicted exposure reports 300 may comprise identifying informationfor the individual such as but not limited to name, title, photo, somecombination thereof, or the like. The predicted exposure reports 300 maycomprise procedure description information such as but not limited toname, CPT code, some combination thereof, or the like. The predictedexposure reports 300 may comprise a predicted total exposure time forthe procedure. The predicted total exposure time may be based on averageexposure during the same or similar procedures for the same person,facility averages, global averages, country specific averages, somecombination thereof, or the like.

The predicted exposure reports 300 may comprise a percentage or otherindication of progress towards a threshold for a time period, such asthe year. The predicted exposure reports 300 may comprise predictedestimated total relative exposure for the time period, which may beexpressed in a unit of time. The predicted exposure reports 300 maycomprise a prediction of whether the reported individual will be underthe threshold for the time period, such as but not limited to, a yes orno.

Information in the predicted exposure reports 300 may be determined by,entirely or in part, machine learning or other artificial intelligencesoftware stored at the controller 56 or elsewhere. For example, withoutlimitation, the individual's scheduled or predicted procedures for theyear, as noted by CPT code or otherwise, may be retrieved and exposuretime may be extrapolated based on personal averages, worldwide averages,country averages, facility averages, some combination thereof, or thelike to determine total predicted exposure for the year. Each time aperson using the disclosed systems or methods performs a procedure, therelative radiation intensity and/or related data may be stored at thecontroller 56 or elsewhere and associated with the procedureinformation, such as but not limited to by CPT code, such that said datamay be utilized as part of the exposure reports 200, predicted exposurereports 300, machine learning or other artificial intelligence software,some combination thereof, or the like.

The exposure reports 200 and/or the predicted exposure reports 300, ordata regarding the same, may be electronically communicated to one ormore electronic devices 202 for display. The electronic devices 202 maycomprise the electronic display 72, computers, tablets, smartphones,some combination thereof, or the like. The electronic devices 202 may beconfigured to generate all, or some, or the exposure reports 200 and/orpredicted exposure reports 300.

The controller 56 and/or the electronic devices 202 may be configured togenerate an alert when various exposure thresholds and/or predictedexposure thresholds are reached. Such thresholds may comprise yearly,monthly, or other time period limits, goals, or the like. For example,when 50% to the limit, 90% to the limit, and/or 100% to the limit isreached, an alert may be generated and transmitted. The recitedthresholds are merely exemplary and are not intended to be limiting, anythreshold or goal metric may be utilized. Such alerts may be transmittedas electronic notifications, audible messages (such as but not limitedto from the speakers 59), displayed information at the AR trackingdevices 46, displayed information at the electronic display 72,displayed information at the electronic devices 202, text messages,emails, automated calls, some combination thereof, or the like.

Several features and other aspects of the disclosures provided hereindescribe actions taken by the controller 56. However, it is contemplatedthat at least some of these actions may be determined, executed, orotherwise performed by controllers, processors, or other programmablelogic devices located at the various devices such as but not limited to,the AR tracking devices 46, the projection devices 62, the trackingdevices 36, the electronic display 80, other devices remote from thecontroller 56, some combination thereof, or the like.

It will be appreciated by those of skill in the art that the systemsand/or methods shown and/or described herein may be used in conjunctionwith any type of healthcare setting, with any type of equipment,including but not necessarily limited to radiation producing and/orradiation scattering medical equipment, and/or to visualize any type ofradiation potentially harmful to humans if exposed above what isgenerally considered to be safe levels or amounts, such as over manyrepeated exposures. Such types of radiation may be those defined by theOccupational Safety and Health Administration, Nuclear RegulatoryCommission, Centers for Disease Control, the Food and DrugAdministration, or other governmental or regulatory body, standardssetting organization, combinations thereof, or the like.

FIG. 17 illustrates a plan view of an exemplary system 400 formonitoring case progress and/or complexity by estimated radiationexposure. The system 400 may work in conjunction with some or all of thecomponents shown and/or described with regard to FIGS. 1-16, though suchis not required. For example, without limitation, the system 400 maywork in conjunction with some or all of the components of the augmentedreality system 48, the projection system 60, the electronic displaysystem 70, the combined system 80, combinations thereof, or the like. Inexemplary embodiments, without limitation, the system 400 may includethe controller 56, or multiple such controllers 56A, 56B, 56C, such asin multiple operating rooms, medical facilities, and/or other facilitieswhere radiation producing and/or scattering equipment is utilized. Anynumber of controllers 56 may be utilized.

The controllers 56 may be configured to gather and/or transmit dataregarding radiation dosage, radiation scatter, personnel position,equipment position, patient and personnel demographic or other data,procedure information (e.g., CPT and/or IDC codes), equipmentinformation (e.g., regarding radiation producing items and/or radiationscattering items), combinations thereof, or the like. The gatheredinformation may be transmitted electronically to a database 402, ormultiple such databases 402, for storage. The transmitted data mayinclude, for example without limitation, the information shown and/ordescribed with regard to FIGS. 15A-16, such as but not limited to, inthe exposure reports 200, though any type of kind of information may begathered, transmitted, and stored.

In exemplary embodiments, each controller 56 may comprise one or moretimekeeping devices 412 configured to track date and/or time informationin conjunction with received data, such as the radiation exposure data.In other exemplary embodiments, such timekeeping may be achieved at theindividual components of the augmented reality system 48, the projectionsystem 60, the electronic display system 70, and/or the combined system80, such as but not limited to, the tracking device 36, the AR trackingdevice 46, the position tracking device 57, combinations thereof, or thelike, or otherwise provided, and provided to the controllers 56. Suchcomponents may comprise timekeeping device 412 and the time and/or dateinformation may be reported to the controllers 56 for recordation at thedatabase(s) 402.

The database(s) 402 may be integrated with the controllers 56 or remotetherefrom. Communication between the controllers 56 and the database 402may be accomplished by way of network communication devices 404 at eachrespective device and one or more networks 406.

An analytics subsystem 408 may be configured to process some or all ofthe data stored at the database 402. The analytics subsystem 408 may beintegrated with the controllers 56 and/or database 402, or may be remotetherefrom and in electronic communication with the same by way of saidnetwork communication devices 404 and networks 406. The analyticssubsystem 408 may comprise one or more executable software routinesconfigured to analyze the stored estimated radiation exposure data andother information to generate various benchmarks, reports, and/ormeasures, which may be used to trigger interventions as furtherdiscussed herein. Such software routines may comprise, for examplewithout limitation, one or more machine learning algorithms, artificialintelligence algorithms, combinations thereof, or the like. For example,without limitation, the analytics subsystem 408 may be configured toutilize supervised learning, unsupervised learning, and/orsemi-supervised learning techniques, regression, instance-based,regularization, decision tree, Bayesian, clustering, associated rulelearning, artificial neural network, deep learning, dimensionalreduction, and/or ensemble algorithms or analysis, combinations thereof,or the like, to name a few examples. Any known or yet to be developedalgorithms, analysis, and/or techniques may be utilized. Such analysisand development of benchmarks may be performed automatically and/oron-demand. The benchmarks may be updated periodically, such as uponreceipt of additional data at the database 402 from the controller(s)56.

An intervention subsystem 410 may be configured to provide variousinterventions based on findings made by the analytics subsystem 408 asfurther discussed herein. The intervention subsystem 410 may beintegrated with the controllers 56, database 402, and/or analyticssubsystem 408, or may be remote therefrom and in electroniccommunication with the same by way of said network communication devices404 and networks 406. For example, without limitation, where theanalytics subsystem 408 finds that one or more benchmarks for a givenprocedure are met or exceeded by a predetermined amount, theintervention subsystem 410 may be configured to provide one or moreinterventions. The type, kind, or number of interventions provided maybe specific to the procedure performed, the recipient of theintervention, the benchmarks met or exceeded, user preference, personnelinformation, medical facility information, procedure status (e.g.,underway or post-operative), combinations thereof, or the like.

The controllers 56, database 402, and analytics subsystem 408 maycomprise any type or kind of electronic device such as, but not limitedto, computers, electronic storage devices, processors, servers,combinations thereof, or the like. Such electronic devices may be thesame or different across the controller 56, database 402, and/oranalytics subsystem 408.

The analytics subsystem 408 may comprise a predictive module 422. Thepredictive module 422 may be configured to generate predicted exposurelevels for the personnel. The predictive module 422 may be configured toutilize extrapolation, artificial intelligence, and/or machine learningtechniques or algorithms to determine predicted exposure levels forpersonnel over a period of time (e.g., day, week, year, career, etc.).For example, without limitation, an operator's predicted exposure for aperiod of time may be generated based on a number and type of priorprocedures performed, operator certification, training, experiencelevel, combinations thereof, or the like. The database 402 may bequeried to retrieve data relevant to such specifics and an average orother measure of exposure per procedure may be generated. The operator'spredicted number of procedures, of the same or different type, for thetime period may be developed based on the operator's history or averagesfor similarly situated operators, and the average or other value may bemultiplied by the predicted number of procedures to develop a predictedexposure value. The predicted value may be added to any currentcumulative values to predict a cumulated exposure level for a futuretime period. The prediction may also be based on scheduled cases. Thesame or similar techniques may be utilized for other personnel includingnurses, assistants, anesthesiologists, combinations thereof, or thelike. These examples are provided to be illustrative and are madewithout limitation.

FIG. 18 illustrates an exemplary profile 414 which may be generated bythe analytics subsystem 408. The profiles 414 may be generated on-demandor periodically. The analytics subsystem 408 may be configured to senddata sufficient to generate the profile 414 at any number of remotelyconnected electronic devices, including but not limited to, the ARtracking devices 46, by way of the projection devices 62, at theelectronic displays 72, at one or more remote electronic devices 424A,424B (e.g., computer, server, tablet, smartphone, etc.), combinationsthereof, or the like. Any number or type of remote electronic devices424 may be utilized. For example, without limitation, the remoteelectronic devices 424 may be associated with hospital or medicalpractice administrators, personnel, insurance providers, medical devicecompanies, combinations thereof, or the like.

The profile 414 may comprise any type of kind of data tracked by thesystem 400. For example, without limitation, the profile 414 maycomprise a photo or other visual depiction of the individual with whichthe profile is associated (e.g., the operator or other personnel), nameand other demographic information for the individual, practice area,certifications and/or completed trainings, associated hospital or otherpractice information, experience information, age, average or othermeasure of estimated radiation exposure per procedure, average or othermeasure of actual radiation exposure (e.g., as measured by the radiationexposure measurement devices 32), cumulative estimated and/or actualradiation exposure information for a given time period (e.g., year,month, quarter, etc.), procedure information (e.g., CPT, IDC, or othercode, date and time information, exposure information, radiationproducing equipment used, radiation scattering items used, medicaldevices used, procedure techniques used, patient information, etc.),average or other measure of number of procedures for a given time period(e.g., year, month, quarter, etc.), combinations thereof, or the like.

The profiles 414 may, alternatively or additionally, be developed forhospitals, medical practices, medical facilities, medical groups,geographic regions, procedures, combinations thereof, or the like. Theprofiles 414, or underlying data, may be utilized by personnel, hospitalor practice administrators, peers, medical societies, medical devicerepresentative or companies, combinations thereof, or the like to targetcandidates for further training and/or education, management andworkload balancing, marketing opportunity, development orcommercialization opportunities, combinations thereof, or the like. Theprofiles 414 and related data may be depersonalized or otherwisedeidentified in exemplary embodiments, though such is not required. Toname a few examples, without limitation, hospitals may identifyoperators whose procedures typically result in higher exposure levelsand target those candidates for further training or education. Medicaldevice companies may identify procedures, or parts or procedures, havinghigher exposure levels and develop new devices or techniques for thoseprocedures. Hospitals, medical device companies, or insurance companiesmay identify practices with higher exposure levels for particularprocedures and suggest investment in newer equipment or training of newtechniques.

A profile 414 may be generated for each personnel associated with one ormore tracking devices 36 and/or AR tracking devices 46 or otherwiseregistered with the system 400. However, such profiles 414 may,alternatively or additionally, be generated for certain such personnel,such as on an on-demand basis for a subset of such personnel. Forexample, without limitation, a hospital administrator may generate aprofile for all personnel associated with a particular practice group.As another example, a profile 414 may be generated for each personnel atapproximately each anniversary of hiring as part of an annual reviewprocess.

The database 402 may form part of, or be in electronic communicationwith, an electronic health record (“EHR”) system. Alternatively, oradditionally, the controllers 56 may be in electronic communication withsaid EHR system. In this way, radiation exposure (actual and/orestimated) and other procedure information for said patient and/or saidpersonnel may be stored at said EHR system. One or more of the remotedevices 424 may comprise one or more EHR systems, in exemplaryembodiments.

FIG. 19 illustrates exemplary logic for use with the system 400. Theradiation exposure data (actual and/or estimated) may be tracked, suchas by way of the augmented reality system 48, the projection system 60,the electronic display system 70, and/or combined system 80, thetracking device 36, the AR tracking device 46, the position trackingdevice 57, combinations thereof, or the like. Such data may be trackedover multiple procedures associated with multiple personnel, patients,and/or medical facilities. This data may be used to build a data setwithin the database 402. The data may be analyzed by way of theanalytics subsystem 408.

In exemplary embodiments, estimated and/or actual exposure levels may becumulated for a given procedure for purposes of triggeringinterventions. The analytics subsystem 408 may determine radiationexposure for each instance radiation producing medical equipment 100 isactivated, such as but not limited to, the position of each personnel asdetermined by the tracking device 36, the AR tracking device 46, theposition tracking device 57 relative to the radiation scatter intensityfield data 10 associated with the radiation producing medical equipment100 activated. Such exposure may be compared against the benchmarks bythe analytics subsystem 408 for each instance of exposure.Alternatively, or additionally, such exposure may be cumulated for agiven procedure against the benchmarks by the analytics subsystem 408.Such individual or cumulative exposures against benchmarks may be usedto trigger interventions from the intervention subsystem 410.

The analytics subsystem 408 may be configured to generate variousbenchmarks based on the data set at the database 402. For example,without limitation, the analytics subsystem 408 may generate averageradiation exposure data for various procedures, such as but not limitedto, as classified by CPT code, IDC code, or other classification,technique(s) used, equipment used, combinations thereof, or the like. Asanother example, the average radiation exposure data may be analyzed byhospital, practice, operator information (e.g., age, experience,training, associated hospital or practice, etc.), medical staffinformation, geographic region, patient information (e.g., demographics,presenting symptoms, outcome, etc.), experience, training,certification, procedures using similar equipment or techniques,equipment used (e.g., radiation producing equipment, radiationscattering equipment, medical devices utilized) combinations thereof, orthe like. Essentially, radiation exposure may be measured as a surrogatefor case complexity and/or progress. In exemplary embodiment, theradiation exposure may be estimated exposure levels based on personnelposition within estimated radiation scatter, but actual radiationexposure measurements may alternatively or additionally be used. Thebenchmarks may include any type or kind of measure including, but notlimited, averages, medians, modes, maximums, minimums, ranges,predictions, combinations thereof, or the like.

The analytics subsystem 408 and/or the intervention subsystem 410 may beconfigured to determine where one or more particular procedures has met,not met, exceeded, or fallen short of one or more benchmarks, such as bya predetermined amount, and the intervention subsystem 410 may beconfigured to initiate one or more appropriate interventions. Thesebenchmarks may be average, median, modes, maximum, minimum, or othermeasure of estimated or actual exposure levels for similar cases.Similar cases may be where, for example without limitation, the same orsimilar procedures are performed, the same or similarly situatedoperators performs the same or similar procedures, the procedures areperformed at the same hospital or practice, within a given geographicarea, and/or on similarly situated patients, where the same or similartechniques and/or devices are used, combinations thereof, or the like.Similarly situated operators may be those having the same level ofexperience, certification, training, combination thereof, or the like.

Where a benchmark is met, not met, exceeded by a predeterminedthreshold, combinations thereof, or the like, one or more interventionsmay be initiated. The analysis and/or interventions may be initiatedduring a procedure, during post-operative review, or periodically, suchas during quarterly, annual, etc. reviews. For example, withoutlimitation, the interventions may include providing the operator orother personnel with access to medical literature, training videos orinformation, educational opportunities, auditory or visual feedback,audio and/or visual communication with another operator or medicalstaff, combinations thereof, or the like. Such access may be facilitatedby way of one or more reference databases 416 integrated with, or remotefrom and in electronic communication with, the intervention subsystem410. In exemplary embodiments, during a procedure if a benchmarkexposure level is met, not met, exceeded, or fallen short of, this mayindicate that the procedure is more complex than anticipated and/or thatthe procedure is not progressing as expected. An audible or visibleindicator of the same may be generated by a notification subsystem 418,such as at the AR tracking devices 46, the projection devices 62, theelectronic display 72, the remote devices 424, a speaker, combinationsthereof, or the like. The audible or visible indicator may alert thepersonnel to the unanticipated complexity and/or progress (or lackthereof). Options to access training or educational materials, such asthose stored at the reference databases 416, may be provided, such as atthe AR tracking devices 46, the projection devices 62, the electronicdisplay 72, and/or the remote devices 424, to facilitate further caseprogress, either in substantially real-time or post-operative such asfor further training and education. Such training materials may providelatest or alternative techniques, equipment available for use in suchprocedures, combinations thereof, or the like. Alternatively, oradditionally, virtual consults with other operators, medical staff,technical support representatives (particularly in the case of operatingcertain medical devices) may be provided such as at the AR trackingdevices 46, the projection devices 62, the electronic display 72, and/orthe remote devices 424, by way of one or more communication subsystem420. The communication subsystems 420 may be integrated with, or remotefrom, the intervention subsystem 410. The communication subsystems 420may be configured to facilitate videoconferencing, telephonicconferencing, or other visual and/or audio-based communication betweenpersonnel in the medical facility performing the procedure and remotepersonnel. Alternatively, or additionally, the communication subsystems420 may be configured to provide electronic access to a chatbot,artificial intelligence machine, combinations thereof, or the like.

To give an example, without limitation, where an estimated exposurelevel for a procedure underway, as determined by at the analyticssubsystem 408 from information obtained by way of the controller 56,exceeds a benchmark developed by the analytics subsystem 408 based ondata stored at the database 402 by at least a predetermined amount, theintervention subsystem 410 may be configured to transmit a notification,such as generated by the notification subsystem 418, to the trackingdevice 36 and/or AR tracking device 46 associated with the personnel forwhom the estimated exposure level has exceeded the benchmark. Thenotification may include, for example, an invitation to revieweducational or training literature stored at the reference databases416, conference in a more experienced operator by way of thecommunications subsystem 420, combinations thereof, or the like.Acceptance of the invitation may be configured to cause such literatureor conference to proceed at the display portion 44 of the AR trackingdevice 46, for example without limitation.

To give another example, without limitation, where an operatorconsistently has higher than average exposure for a procedure, theintervention subsystem 410 may be configured to provide a notification,such as by way of the notification subsystem 418, to the controller 56and/or remote devices 424 to the operator, medical staff, hospitaladministrators, etc. post procedure completion noting thehigher-than-average exposure and suggest further training and/oreducation, such as by way of the reference databases 416, the use of newor different medical devices to shorten procedure time and/or reduceradiation exposure, or provide the operator with a post-operativeconsult with a more experienced operator. The consult may alternativelytake place through the remote devices 424, though such is not required.

The intervention subsystem 410 may be configured to provideinterventions specific to the personnel, the procedure, equipment ortechnique used, user preference, the medical facility, the status of theprocedure, the benchmark(s), the amount the benchmark(s) is exceeded orfallen short of, combinations thereof, or the like.

Such interventions may be generated in response to perceived casecomplexity or lack of progress as measured by estimated or actualradiation. However, such interventions may, alternatively oradditionally, be provided proactively, such as to facilitate variousradiation safety measures or preemptive training or education programs.

While entire procedures are discussed in at least some instances, thesystems and methods shown and/or described herein may be utilized toanalyze particular segments, sub-procedures, or parts of a givenprocedure. For example, without limitation, where the benchmark(s) areexceeded for particular portions of particular procedures, orsub-procedures within a larger procedure, those portion(s) may beidentified as being particularly complex or problematic. Interventionsspecific to those portions of procedures may be provided.

Any embodiment of the present invention may include any of the featuresof the other embodiments of the present invention. The exemplaryembodiments herein disclosed are not intended to be exhaustive or tounnecessarily limit the scope of the invention. The exemplaryembodiments were chosen and described in order to explain the principlesof the present invention so that others skilled in the art may practicethe invention. Having shown and described exemplary embodiments of thepresent invention, those skilled in the art will realize that manyvariations and modifications may be made to the described invention.Many of those variations and modifications will provide the same resultand fall within the spirit of the claimed invention. It is theintention, therefore, to limit the invention only as indicated by thescope of the claims.

Certain operations described herein may be performed by one or moreelectronic devices. Each electronic device may comprise one or moreprocessors, electronic storage devices, executable softwareinstructions, and the like configured to perform the operationsdescribed herein. The electronic devices may be general purposecomputers or specialized computing devices. The electronic devices maycomprise personal computers, smartphone, tablets, databases, servers, orthe like. The electronic connections and transmissions described hereinmay be accomplished by wired or wireless means. The computerizedhardware, software, components, systems, steps, methods, and/orprocesses described herein may serve to improve the speed of thecomputerized hardware, software, systems, steps, methods, and/orprocesses described herein.

What is claimed is:
 1. A system for monitoring progress of a procedureusing radiation, said system comprising: a tracking device associatedwith an individual assisting with performance of the procedure; acontroller in electronic communication with the tracking device andconfigured to: receive position data for an equipment item used for theprocedure and configured to produce radiation (“radiation device”);receive position data from the tracking device during the procedure;determine an estimated exposure level for the individual based, at leastin part, on the position data from the tracking device relative to theposition data from the radiation device; compare the estimated exposurelevel for the individual to a benchmark; and if the estimated exposurelevel for the individual exceeds the benchmark, generate an electronicnotification.
 2. The system of claim 1 wherein: said controller isconfigured to receive position data for an equipment item used for theprocedure and known to scatter radiation produced by the radiationdevice (“radiation scattering item”); and said controller is configuredto utilize the position data from the radiation scattering item whendetermining the estimated exposure level for the individual.
 3. Thesystem of claim 2 wherein: the position data for the radiation device isreceived from a position sensor connected to said radiation device; theposition data for the radiation scattering item is received from aposition sensor connected to said radiation scattering item; saidradiation device is position adjustable relative to said radiationscattering item; said controller is configured to: receive dataindicating a type of the radiation device; receive data indicating atype of the radiation scattering item; determine a position of saidradiation device relative to said radiation scattering item; retrieveradiation scatter intensity field information from a database specificto said type of radiation device, said type of radiation scatteringitem, and the position of said radiation device relative to saidradiation scattering item; and determine said estimated exposure level,at least in part, based on the position of said radiation devicerelative to said radiation scattering item and the radiation scatterintensity field information retrieved from the database.
 4. The systemof claim 3 wherein: said procedure comprises a surgical procedure; saidradiation device comprises an imaging device; and said radiationscattering item comprises an operating table.
 5. The system of claim 1wherein: said controller is configured to: receive data from theradiation device indicating one or more instances radiation is producedby said radiation device; and determine the estimated exposure level forthe individual at each of said one or more instances.
 6. The system ofclaim 5 wherein: said controller is configured to cumulate saidestimated exposure levels for the individual for each of the one or moreinstances for comparison against the benchmark.
 7. The system of claim 6wherein: said controller is configured to store time data in associationwith each of said one or more instances and utilize said time data toassociate said position data for said radiation device and said trackingdevice at each of said one or more instances.
 8. The system of claim 1wherein: said controller is configured to determine an approximateintensity of radiation on a distance specific basis to define aradiation scatter intensity field.
 9. The system of claim 8 wherein:said tracking device comprises: a position tracking device; a bodyattachment portion configured to facilitate securement of said trackingdevice to a portion of a body of the individual; and an electronicdisplay; said electronic notification is provided at said electronicdisplay; said controller is configured to generate a visualization atthe electronic display of the approximate intensity of radiation in afashion reflecting a last measurement from the position data for thetracking device and the radiation device at the time of display; andsaid controller is configured to update said visualization as newposition data is received for the tracking device or the radiationdevice.
 10. The system of claim 9 wherein: said tracking device isconfigured to facilitate videoconferencing; said electronic notificationcomprises a prompt to participate in a videoconference with anotherindividual; and upon acceptance of said prompt, said controller isconfigured to facilitate said videoconference by way of said trackingdevice.
 11. The system of claim 9 wherein: said electronic notificationcomprises a prompt to review reference literature or training materials;and upon acceptance of said prompt, said controller is configured togenerate said reference literature or training materials at saidelectronic display.
 12. The system of claim 1 further comprising:additional tracking devices in electronic communication with saidcontroller; additional controllers, each in electronic communicationwith at least a respective one of additional tracking devices, at leastsome of which are associated with at least one different facility; adatabase in electronic communication with said controller and saidadditional controllers, wherein said controller and said additionalcontrollers are configured to store, at said database, estimatedexposure levels for a number of procedures, each associated with one ofa number of standardized procedure codes; and an analytics subsystem inelectronic communication with said database and configured to generate,from said data set, said benchmarks, wherein said benchmarks compriseaverage exposure levels for one or more procedures, each associated witha given one of said standardized procedure codes.
 13. The system ofclaim 12 wherein: said analytics subsystem is configured to generate,for display at one or more remote electronic devices, an electronicprofile for a respective one of said individuals associated with any oneof said tracking device and said additional tracking devices; and saidelectronic profile comprises identifying information and the estimatedexposure information for a respective one of said individuals.
 14. Thesystem of claim 1 wherein: said tracking device comprises an augmentedreality (“AR”) device; and said electronic notification is displayed atsaid AR device.
 15. A method for monitoring progress of a medicalprocedure by radiation exposure, said method comprising: receiving, at acontroller, position data for a medical equipment item in use for themedical procedure and selectively producing radiation for medicaltreatment purposes (“radiation device”); receiving, at the controller,position data from a tracking device associated with an individualassisting with performance of the medical procedure while the radiationdevice is in use; automatically and electronically determining aposition of the tracking device relative to radiation device, based atleast in part on the position data received from the tracking device andthe radiation device; automatically and electronically determining anestimated exposure level for the individual based, at least in part, theposition of the tracking device relative to radiation device;automatically and electronically comparing the estimated exposure levelof the individual to a benchmark; automatically and electronicallydetermining that the estimated exposure level of the individual exceedsthe benchmark; and automatically and electronically generating, at thetracking device, an electronic notification for the individualindicating that the benchmark has been exceeded.
 16. The method of claim15 further comprising: receiving, from said controller and additionalcontrollers, each in electronic communication with additional trackingdevices and associated with a respective individual, estimatedcumulative exposure levels for a number of additional medicalprocedures; building an electronic data set of said estimated cumulativeexposure levels, wherein each of said estimated cumulative exposurelevels is associated with a respective medical procedure code; andapplying one or more algorithms to said electronic data set to developsaid benchmarks.
 17. The method of claim 15 further comprising:receiving, at the controller, position data for a medical equipment itemin use for the medical procedure and known to scatter radiation(“radiation scattering item”); determining a position of the radiationscattering item relative to the radiation device; generating avisualization of scattered radiation at an electronic display duringsaid medical procedure; and updating said visualization as new positiondata is received from said tracking device, said radiation device, andsaid radiation scattering item.
 18. The method of claim 15 furthercomprising: Generating a prompt at the tracking device to participate ina videoconference or review educational or training reference materialsfor said medical procedure; and electronically displaying saideducational or training reference materials at said tracking device orfacilitating said videoconference at said tracking device, wherein saidtracking device comprises an augmented realty device.
 19. A system formonitoring radiation exposure, said system comprising: tracking devices,each associated with one of a number of individuals participating in aprocedure in an area of a facility, said tracking devices configured toprovide position data in said area for the individuals during theprocedure; one or more controllers in electronic communication with thetracking devices; one or more databases in electronic communication withsaid controllers; one or more analytics subsystems, each in electroniccommunication with the controllers, wherein the controllers areconfigured to: receive position data from position sensors inassociation with radiation producing equipment in said area; receivelocation data from position sensors in association with one or moreradiation scattering devices in said area; receive position data for thetracking devices in said area during the procedure; determine anestimated cumulative radiation exposure level for each of theindividuals during the procedure by: determining an estimated radiationscatter intensity field for said area during the procedure based, atleast in part, on the position data for said equipment relative to saidone or more radiation scattering devices; determining an estimatedexposure level for each of the individuals during the procedure, basedat least in part, on the position data for each of the tracking devicesrelative to the estimated radiation scatter intensity field; andtracking a cumulative estimated exposure level for each of theindividuals; automatically generating an electronic notification whenthe estimated cumulative exposure level for any of the individualsduring the procedure exceeds a predetermined benchmark.
 20. The systemof claim 19 wherein: the benchmark is automatically developed at leastin part by determining an individual average estimated cumulativeradiation exposure, gathered by the system in a prior procedure.